Often times people are unfamiliar with Encaustic
Painting, especially when I describe some of work painted with beeswax and
powdered pigments. Others have inquired about the longivity and
stamina of the medium. Here is an exerpt about the medium that I hope
will help you understand another valuable and unique artform
that will last like all mediums with proper care.
ENCAUSTIC
PAINTING
(from The Artist's Handbook by Ralph Mayer )
Encaustic
is a beeswax based paint that is kept molten on a heated palette. It is applied to a surface and reheated
to fuse the paint into a uniform enamel-like finish. The word encaustic comes from Greek and means
to burn in, which refers to the process of fusing the paint. Encaustic has
a long history, but it is as versatile as any 20th century medium. It can be
polished to a high gloss, it can be modeled, sculpted, textured, and combined
with collage materials. It cools immediately, so that there is no drying time,
yet it can always be reworked.
The
durability of encaustic is due to the fact that beeswax is impervious to
moisture. Because of this it will not deteriorate, it will not yellow, and it
will not darken. Encaustic paintings do not have to be varnished or protected by
glass. Encaustic paint
has no toxic fumes, nor does it require the use of solvents. As a result, a
number of health hazards are reduced or eliminated.
The
History of Encaustic Encaustic
painting was practiced by Greek artists as far back as the 5th century B. C..
Most of our knowledge of this early use comes from the Roman historian Pliny,
who wrote in the 1st century A. D.. Pliny seems to have had very little direct
knowledge about studio methods, so his account of techniques and materials is
sketchy. According to Pliny, encaustic was used in a variety of applications:
the painting of portraits and scenes of mythology on panels, the coloring of
marble and terra cotta, and work on ivory (probably the tinting of incised
lines).
Wax is an excellent preservative
of materials. It was from this use that the art of encaustic painting developed.
The Greeks applied coatings of wax and resin to weatherproof their ships.
Pigmenting the wax gave rise to the decorating of warships. Mention is even made
by Homer of the painted ships of the Greek warriors who fought at Troy. The use
of a rudimentary encaustic was therefore an ancient practice by the 5th century
B. C.. It is possible that at about that time the crude paint applied with tar
brushes to the ships was refined for the art of painting on panels. Pliny
mentions two artists who had in fact started out as ship painters.
The use of encaustic on panels
rivaled the use of tempera, in what are the earliest known portable easel
paintings. Tempera was a faster, cheaper process. Encaustic was a slow,
difficult technique, but the paint could be built up in relief, and the wax gave
a rich optical effect to the pigment. These characteristics made the finished
work startlingly life-like. Moreover, encaustic had far greater durability than
tempera, which was vulnerable to moisture. Pliny refers to encaustic paintings
several hundred years old in the possession of Roman aristocrats of his own
time.
The nature of encaustic to both
preserve and color gave it wide use on the stone work of both architecture and
statuary. The white marble we see today in the monuments of Greek antiquity was
once colored, probably delicately tinted like the figures on the Alexander
sarcophagus in Istanbul. Pliny says that when the sculptor Praxiteles was asked
which of his pieces he favored, he answered those "to which [the painter] Nicias
had set his hand." Decorative terra cotta work on interiors was also painted
with encaustic, a practice that was a forerunner to mosaic trim.
Fayum funeral portraits
Perhaps the best known of all
encaustic work are the Fayum funeral portraits painted in the 1st and 2nd
centuries A.D. by Greek painters in Egypt. A significant Greek population had
settled in Egypt following its conquest by Alexander, eventually adopting the
customs of the Egyptians. This included mummifying their dead. A portrait of the
deceased painted either in the prime of life or after death, was placed over the
person's mummy as a memorial. Many of these pieces have survived to our own
time, and their color has remained as fresh as any recently completed work.
In the great period of economic
instability that followed the decline of the Roman Empire, encaustic fell into
disuse. Some work, particularly the painting of icons, was carried on as late as
the 12th century, but for the most part it became a lost art. The process was
cumbersome and painstaking, and the cost of producing it was high. It was
replaced by tempera, which was cheaper, faster, and easier to work. In the 18th
century the idea of encaustic painting was revived, initially by amateurs as a
novelty to rediscover the techniques of the ancient painters. It was further
explored in the 19th century, to solve the problem of dampness faced by mural
painters in northern climates. The success of these efforts was limited, and
encaustic remained an obscure art form.
In the 20th century, the
availability of portable electric heating implements and the variety of tools
has made encaustic a far less formidable technique. This factor has created a
resurgence of encaustic painting, and it is once again taking its place as a
major artists' medium. "Its effects, its visual and physical properties, and its
range of textural and color possibilities make it eminently suitable for use in
several different contemporary styles of painting that are not adequately served
by our traditional oil-painting process."
(see
Ralph Mayer, The Artist's Handbook) |